The U.S. government just released $1.8 billion in stimulus money for education to Florida, two weeks after the state applied for a waiver required because the state underfunded education in previous years.
"The $1.8 billion Florida will receive today is part of the single largest boost in education funding in recent history," Secretary of Education Arne Duncan said in a statement. 'Florida can now utilize these funds to save jobs and lay the groundwork for a generation for education reform."
Although the money is expected to plug holes in school-district budgets to save jobs, South Florida's school districts might still see layoffs. Some observers fell, however, that contrary to all the rhetoric about `how it's to save all these layoffs, the reality is it's only going to help the state have fewer layoffs.
School districts won't be getting the funds directly from Washington. Florida law makers, confident the state would get the money, allocated funds to shore up the education portion of the 2009-10 budget the Legislature approved last week. That means that legislators could tout a small increase in per-student spending in Florida. But they reshuffled and reduced other parts of the education budget to do so, leaving school districts with less money than they had last year.
In addition to the $1.8 billion in so-called state stabilization funds, Florida has received almost $600 million in education stimulus dollars -- including about half the money the federal government designated for low-income schools, programs for disadvantaged students and other grants. Another $891 million in stabilization money will also become available this fall.
To receive the funds, the state had to assure the federal government that it would closely track education statistics, including annual student improvements, the effectiveness of state standards and assessments, and interventions in turning around under performing schools.
Florida will also have to report how many jobs will be saved using the stimulus money, how the funds are used and what state and local tax increases are avoided because of the federal dollars.
Saturday, June 20, 2009
Monday, June 15, 2009
You Can Control the Energy Cost of Heating & Cooling Your Home
As we enter the warmer part of the year in Florida, it is useful to remember that as much as 50% of the energy used in your home goes to heating and cooling. If you are trying to save money or you're trying to embrace a "greener", or more eco-friendly lifestyle, do you know enough about the nature of heat transfer to make the right decisions? Let's review the basics of how "heat" works.
Heating and cooling your home are both instances of "heat transfer." First, let's dispense with the notion that heat always rises. That is true in only one form of heat transfer. In general, heat energy flows in all directions equally. There are three different ways in which heat is transferred; conduction, convection and radiation.
Conduction is the form of heat transfer through a material, for example, the walls of your home in summer and winter. For any given amount of in-wall insulation, measured in its R-value, conduction is what accounts for the heat loss (or for cooling, heat-build-up) through the walls and roof.
Convection heat transfer occurs when heat travels in a moving fluid or gas, for example the heat energy that moves along with the passage of air. The "wind chill factor" you hear about in northern state weather reports is a measure of how much heat energy is transferred by convection when you're outside due to the effect of wind.
The third form of heat transfer is radiation. Radiation is the transfer of heat energy through empty space, or the way the sun warms the Earth. Radiant heating is not affected by being in contact with a solid material the way conduction loss does, or by moving along in a fluid or gas the way convection does. Radiant heat transfer is what warms your home when the sun is out.
You can use your knowledge of these 3 forms of heat transfer to make your home building or remodeling project more energy efficient.
You can reduce the amount of heat build-up or conversely, cooling loss due to conduction through your walls by increasing the R-value of the insulation in the walls by adding more. Installing double pane windows and sliding glass doors, if your home wasn't built with them originally, will reduce conductive loss of those items. The gases between the two panes of glass (like argon and krypton) along with films and coatings (like "low-E") can increase the insulating value of your doors and windows from R-2 to R-6 or more.
Caulking or using foam insulation material to seal crevices or openings around doors, windows and electrical outlets will reduce convection heating or cooling loss caused by air infiltration.
Fireplaces are a big source of convective heat transfer as air continuously flows up the chimney if the flue damper isn't air-tight. If you have, or are planning, on a fireplace put air-tight glass doors in front of it and keep the flue damper closed when the fireplace is not in use. But, beware, don't forget to open that damper before your start the fireplace. Just remember to close it again when the fireplace has cooled back down.
Many sources of heat build-up (or cooling loss) are affected by more than one form of heat transfer. Since windows and sliding glass doors suffer from both conductive and convective heat transfer, consider using high energy-efficiency Energy Star doors and windows for any building or remodeling project. As another example, while radiant heat transfer is why a home with a roof exposed to the sun gets warmer due to radiation, you can use convection to your advantage to alleviate part of the problem. Installing a heat-activated fan system in your attic will use convection to blow the heated air in your attic out through vents preventing it from transferring its heat energy, through conduction and convection, into your living space below.
If your home is in a particularly sunny locale, you may want plant large deciduous trees, such as river birch, on the south side of the home for shade from the sun in the summer. Equally, you can avoid radiant heat build-up from the sun by closing drapes and blinds on the southern side of your home in the summer, yet take advantage of the sun's radiant heat transfer by keeping the drapes and blinds open during the day to allow sunlight to enter and warm your home during cooler months.
If it's time to replace your heat pump or any appliance, look for Energy Star-rated appliances. Energy Star-rated appliances like clothes washers, dryers, refrigerators, dishwashers and dehumidifiers not only use less electricity; they also transfer less heat into your home through all three forms of heat transfer, conduction, convection and radiation.
Pay attention to smaller changes that offer big savings, many of which are more efficient because of their lower heat transfers. Use energy-saving compact fluorescent lamp bulbs. Turn off all lights when not in use; lights generate radiant heat. Keep shrubs and other obstructions from blocking free air flow around your external heat pump unit which relies upon convection to dissipate its heat build-up. And, change your furnace filter every 3 months. A dirty filter slows down air movement reducing the effectiveness of the convection heat transfer your air conditioning system relies upon.
Understanding the different kinds of heat transfer and how to use that knowledge to reduce your home's energy consumption can save you a serious amount of money as well as make your home more comfortable to live in.
Heating and cooling your home are both instances of "heat transfer." First, let's dispense with the notion that heat always rises. That is true in only one form of heat transfer. In general, heat energy flows in all directions equally. There are three different ways in which heat is transferred; conduction, convection and radiation.
Conduction is the form of heat transfer through a material, for example, the walls of your home in summer and winter. For any given amount of in-wall insulation, measured in its R-value, conduction is what accounts for the heat loss (or for cooling, heat-build-up) through the walls and roof.
Convection heat transfer occurs when heat travels in a moving fluid or gas, for example the heat energy that moves along with the passage of air. The "wind chill factor" you hear about in northern state weather reports is a measure of how much heat energy is transferred by convection when you're outside due to the effect of wind.
The third form of heat transfer is radiation. Radiation is the transfer of heat energy through empty space, or the way the sun warms the Earth. Radiant heating is not affected by being in contact with a solid material the way conduction loss does, or by moving along in a fluid or gas the way convection does. Radiant heat transfer is what warms your home when the sun is out.
You can use your knowledge of these 3 forms of heat transfer to make your home building or remodeling project more energy efficient.
You can reduce the amount of heat build-up or conversely, cooling loss due to conduction through your walls by increasing the R-value of the insulation in the walls by adding more. Installing double pane windows and sliding glass doors, if your home wasn't built with them originally, will reduce conductive loss of those items. The gases between the two panes of glass (like argon and krypton) along with films and coatings (like "low-E") can increase the insulating value of your doors and windows from R-2 to R-6 or more.
Caulking or using foam insulation material to seal crevices or openings around doors, windows and electrical outlets will reduce convection heating or cooling loss caused by air infiltration.
Fireplaces are a big source of convective heat transfer as air continuously flows up the chimney if the flue damper isn't air-tight. If you have, or are planning, on a fireplace put air-tight glass doors in front of it and keep the flue damper closed when the fireplace is not in use. But, beware, don't forget to open that damper before your start the fireplace. Just remember to close it again when the fireplace has cooled back down.
Many sources of heat build-up (or cooling loss) are affected by more than one form of heat transfer. Since windows and sliding glass doors suffer from both conductive and convective heat transfer, consider using high energy-efficiency Energy Star doors and windows for any building or remodeling project. As another example, while radiant heat transfer is why a home with a roof exposed to the sun gets warmer due to radiation, you can use convection to your advantage to alleviate part of the problem. Installing a heat-activated fan system in your attic will use convection to blow the heated air in your attic out through vents preventing it from transferring its heat energy, through conduction and convection, into your living space below.
If your home is in a particularly sunny locale, you may want plant large deciduous trees, such as river birch, on the south side of the home for shade from the sun in the summer. Equally, you can avoid radiant heat build-up from the sun by closing drapes and blinds on the southern side of your home in the summer, yet take advantage of the sun's radiant heat transfer by keeping the drapes and blinds open during the day to allow sunlight to enter and warm your home during cooler months.
If it's time to replace your heat pump or any appliance, look for Energy Star-rated appliances. Energy Star-rated appliances like clothes washers, dryers, refrigerators, dishwashers and dehumidifiers not only use less electricity; they also transfer less heat into your home through all three forms of heat transfer, conduction, convection and radiation.
Pay attention to smaller changes that offer big savings, many of which are more efficient because of their lower heat transfers. Use energy-saving compact fluorescent lamp bulbs. Turn off all lights when not in use; lights generate radiant heat. Keep shrubs and other obstructions from blocking free air flow around your external heat pump unit which relies upon convection to dissipate its heat build-up. And, change your furnace filter every 3 months. A dirty filter slows down air movement reducing the effectiveness of the convection heat transfer your air conditioning system relies upon.
Understanding the different kinds of heat transfer and how to use that knowledge to reduce your home's energy consumption can save you a serious amount of money as well as make your home more comfortable to live in.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)